Software of the Month Club 1996 May

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.GRAMMAR 4 ..ALPHABET 1 ^F4ALPHABET Letter | Name | Approximate Sound -------+------+----------------------------------------------------------- a | a | Like a in English "father" | | b | be | When initial or preceded by m, like b in English "book" | | When between two vowels and when preceded by a vowel and | | followed by a l or r, | | like v in English "voodoo" except formed by both lips. | | It is generally silent before s plus a consonant and often | | dropped in spelling. | | c | ce | When followed by e or i, | | like th in English "think" in Castillian | | like c in English "cent" in American Spanish. | | When followed by a, o, u, or a consonant, | | like c in English "come" | | When doubled (cc), like cc in English "accept" | | ch | che | Like ch in English "much" | | d | de | Generally, like d in English "dog" | | When between two vowels, when preceded by a vowel and | | followed by r, and when final, | | like th in English "this" | | e | e | At the end of a syllable, like a in English "fate" | | When followed by a consonant in the same syllable, | | like e in English "met" | | f | efe | Like f in English "five" | | g | ge | When followed by e or i, like h in English "home" | | When followed by a, o, u, or a consonant, | | like g in English "go" | | h | hache| Always silent | | i | i | Like i in English "machine" | | When preceded or followed by another vowel, | | it has the sound of English y | | j | jota | Like h in English "home" | | k | ka | Like English k | | l | ele | Like l in English "laugh" | | ll | elle | Somewhat like lli in "William" in Castilian. | | Like y in English "yes" in American Spanish. | | m | eme | Like m in English "man" | | n | ene | Generally, like n in English "name" | | Before v, like m in English "man" | | Before c [k] and g [g], like n in English "drink" | | ñ | eñe | Like ni in English "onion" | | o | o | At the end o a syllable, like o in English "note" | | When followed by a consonant in the same syllable, | | like o in English "organ" | | p | pe | Like p in English "pen" | | qu | cu | Like k in English "keep" | | r | ere | Strongly trilled, when initial and when preceded | | by l, n, or s. | | Pronounced with a single tap of the tongue in all other | | positions. | | rr | erre | Strongly trilled. | | s | ese | Generally, like s in English "say" | | Before a voiced cononant (b, d, g[g], l, r, m, m), | | like z in English "zero" | | t | te | Like t in English "stamp" | | u | u | Like u in English "rude" | | When preceded or followed by another vowel, | | it has the sound of English w | | v | ve | Like Spanish b in all positions | uve | | | x | equis| When followed by a consonant, like s in English "say" | | y | ye | In the conjunction y, lke i in English "machine" | | When next to a vowel or between two vowels, | | like y in English "yes" | | z | zeda | Like th in English "think" in Castillian | zeta | Like c in English "cent" in American Spanish COMMON VOWEL COMBINATIONS (DIPTHONGS) Dipthong | Approximate Sound ----------+--------------------------------------------------------------- ai, ay | Like i in English "might" au | Like ou in English "pound" ei, ey | Like ey in English "they" eu | Like ayw in English "hayward" ie | Like ye in English "yet" oi, oy | Like oy in English "boy" ue | Like we in English "wet" $$ ..NOUNS 1 ^F4NOUNS In Spanish, nouns are always either feminine or masculine. Fortunately, there are some rules governing whether words are masculine or feminine, though as with all rules there are always exceptions. GENDER OF NOUNS Feminine 1. Nouns descriptive of females are feminine. the woman la mujer the girl la chica the queen la reina 2. Generally nouns ending in -a are feminine. the house la casa the mountain la montaña the food la comida 3. Nouns ending in -ción, -sión, and -dad are feminine. the song la canción the university la universidad the address la dirección Masculine 1. Nouns descriptive of men are masculine. the man el hombre the boy el chico the king el rey 2. Generally nouns ending in -o and -or are masculine. the book el libro the glass el vaso the engine el motor 3. Days of the week, months, rivers, mountains, seas and oceans, are masculine. Monday el lunes the Pacific el Pacifico PLURAL OF NOUNS As a general rule you can simply make the plural by adding an -s to both masculine and feminine nouns, if they end with a vowel. bed cama beds camas house casa houses casas book libro books libros If the noun ends in a consonant then the plural is made by adding -es. flower flor flowers flores $$ ..DIMINUTIVES 1 ^F4DIMINUTIVES The use of diminutive suffixes is extremely common. They usually convey the meanings of small or express affectionto nouns and adjectives. The most common of these suffixes are -ito, -ita, -cito, -cita, and to a lesser extent, -illo, -illa, -cillo, and -cilla. coffee café cafecito love amor amorcito animal animal animalito song canción cancióncilla $$ ..ADJECTIVES 1 ^F4ADJECTIVES Adjectives in Spanish agree in gender and number with the nouns they describe and they are placed before or after the noun. POSITION OF ADJECTIVES Broadly speaking, adjectives which describe the noun (descriptive adjectives) are usually placed after it. a pretty house una casa bonita some pretty houses unas casas bonitas a white hat un sombrero blanco some white hats unos sombreros blancos Adjectives of quantity such as much, a lot: mucho; little, few: poco; too much: demasiado; the cardinal and ordinal numbers and possessive adjectives always precede the noun. a lot of tourists muchos turistas first class primera clase $$ ..COMPARATIVES 1 ^F4COMPARATIVES Comparisons with adjectives Superiority Juan es más rico que Maria. John is richer than Mary. Equality Juan es tan rico como Maria. John is as rich as Mary. Inferiority Juan es menos rico como Maria. John is not as rich as Mary. The superlative of an adjective is formed by placing the definitive article or possessive adjective before the comparitive form. Miguel es el estudiante más inteligente de la clas. Michael is the most intelligent student in the class. more...than más...que less...than menos...que as...as tan...como richer than más rico que less rich than menos rico que easier than más fácil que less easy than menos fácil que as easy as tan fácil como as beautiful as tan bonito como Comparisons with adverbs 1. Adverbs are compared as shown in this example. rápidamente quickly más (menos) rápidamente more (less) quickly lo más (menos) rápidamente the most (least) quickly 2. The article "lo" is used with the superlative form. 3. The superlative form of the adverb is followed by "de". 4. The English word "than" is usually translated as "que". He has more money than Anna. Tiene más dinero que Ana. 5. Before a number, "than" is translated as "de" if the sentence is affirmative and by "que" if negative. He received more than one hundred dollars. Recibió más de cien dólares. 6. Comparisons of equality are expressed by "tan" plus an adjective or adverb plus "como". Manuel is as tall as Andrew. Manuel es tan alto como Andrés. 7. "Tanto" (-a, -os, -as) plus a noun plus "como" is used to express "as much (as many) as". I have as many keys as you. Tengo tantas llaves como tú. 8. "Tanto" (-a, -os, -as) plus "como" is used to express "as much (as many) as". Anthony works as much as his brother. Antonio trabaja tanto como su hermano. Comparitive forms of adjectives Positive Comparative Superlative bueno good mejor better el mejor the best malo bad peor worse el peor the worst grande great, big mayor greater, older el mayor the greatest, the oldest más grande larger el más grande the largest menos grande not as large el menos grande the least large pequeño small menor lesser, younger el menor the least, the youngest más pequeño smaller el más pequeño the smallest menos pequeño less, small el menos pequeño the least small $$ ..ADVERBS 1 ^F4ADVERBS Many adverbs are formed by adding the suffix -mente to the feminine singular form of the adjective. This corresponds to the -ly ending used in English. a richly dressed man. un hombre ricamente vestido. The turtle walks slowly. La tortuga anda lentamente. Speak clearly! ¡Habla claramente! He drives carefully. Maneja cuidadosamente. In a series of two or more adverbs normaly formed with -mente, the suffix is used only with the last adverb. Bernardo wrote clearly and easily. Bernardo escribió claro y facilmente. $$ ..ARTICLES 1 ^F4ARTICLES Singular Plural masc fem masc fem Definite: the el la los las Indefinite: a, an un una some, few unos unas The neuter article "lo" is used with adjectives and past participles when they are used as nouns. the good and the bad lo bueno y lo malo Agreement Articles agree in number and gender with the nouns they modify. the boy el niño a girl una niña "el" is used instead of "la" before a singular noun that begins with a stressed "a" or "ha". the ax el hacha Contractions of "el" The preposition "de" and "a" combine with the masculine article "el" to form "del" and "al". I am going to the movies. Voy al cine. $$ ..DEFINITE ARTICLES 1 ^F4DEFINITE ARTICLES There are four definite articles in Spanish, corresponding to the masculine and feminine nouns in their singular and plural forms. the book el libro (m sg) the books los libros (m pl) the house la casa (f sg) the houses las casas (f pl) Uses 1. Before each noun in a series. The father and son are going downtown. El padre y el hijo van al centro. 2. Before the names of languages except directly after "hablar", "en", or "de". Spanish is important today. El español es importante hoy. My father speaks German. Mi padre hablar alemán. 3. Before titles such as "señor", "doctor", and "professor", except in direct address. Mr. Lopez arrived yesterday. El señor Lopez llegó ayer. How are you, Mrs. Gomez? ¿Cómo está usted, señor Gómez? 4. Instead of the possessive with clothing and parts of the body. I wash my hands. Me lavo las manos. 5. To express "o'clock". It is eight o'clock. Son las ocho. 6. Before nouns used in a general or abstract sense. Medicine is a noble profession. La medicina es una profesión noble. 7. Before an infinitive used as a noun. Eating is necessary. El comer es neccesario. 8. With the names of the seasons. Spring begins in March. La primavera empieza en marzo. 9. With days of the week, except after "ser". I'm going shopping on Saturday. Voy de compras el sábado. Today is Thursday. Hoy es jueves. 10. Before certain geographic names, such as: Argenitina la Argentina Brazil el Brasil United States los Estados Unidos 11. To express "a" or "an" with weights and measures. two pesos a meter dos pesos el metro Ommissions 1. Before nouns in apposition. Anthony, the Garcia's servant, arrived late. Antonio, criado de los García, llegó tarde. 2. Before numerals expressing numerical order of ruler. Charles the fifth. Calos Quintos. $$ ..INDEFINITE ARTICLES 1 ^F4INDEFINITE ARTICLES There are four indefinite articles in Spanish, corresponding to the masculine and feminine nouns in their singular and plural forms. a book un libro (m sg) some books unos libros (m pl) a house una casa (f sg) some houses unas casas (f pl) Ommissions 1. Before unmodified predicate nouns indicating occupation, profession, or nationality. His brother is a physician. Su harmano es médico. 2. Before "cien", "cierto", "mil", "otro", and "tal". a hundred dollars cien dólares a certain book cierto libro a thousand students mil estudiantes another friend otro amigo such a father tal padre 3. After the exclamatory "¡que!". What a woman! ¡Que mujer! $$ ..PREPOSITIONS 1 ^F4PREPOSITIONS Prepositions with infinitives The infinitive is the only verb form that may follow a preposition. After getting dressed, he went out. Después de vestires, salió. The infinitive is used after many verbs. In many cases, it follows the verb directly. He wants to leave early. Quiere salir temprano. In other cases the infinitive is preceded by a preposition. The following common verbs do not require a prepostion before an infinitive. creer to believe necesitar to need deber ought to, should poder to be able, can desear to wish, desire querer to wish, want esperar to hope saber to know how to Verbs expressing beginning, motion, teaching, or learning and several other verbs require the prepostion "a" before a following infinitive. beginning comenzar motion correr to run empezar ir to go ponserse llegar to arrive principiar salir to go out to teaching enseñar other invitar to invite learning aprendar verbs ayudar to help llamar to call The children began to cry. Los niños emprezaron a llorar. The following verbs require prepostion "de" before an infinitive. acabar to have just dejar to cease, stop, fail acordarse to remember olvidarse to forget alegrarse to be glad to tratar to try cesar to cease, stop He tried to hide. Trató de esconderse. Uses of the personal "a" The personal "a" is used before direct objects that denote persons or personified things. The personal "a" is not translated. They visit their grandfather. Visitan a su abuelo. The personal "a" is used before pronouns referring to persons, even when used in a negative sense. I see no one. No veo a nadie. The personal "a" is omitted after the verb "tener" with the meaning "to have". He has many friends. Tiene muchos amigos. The personal "a" is used with "querer" when it means "to love" and omitted when it means "to want". The child wants his mother. El niño quiere su madre. The child loves his mother. El niño quiere a su madre. Uses of "para" 1. Purpose: I eat in order to live. Como para vivir. 2. Destination: He will leave for Spain. Saldrá para España. 3. Use: It is a candy box. Es una caja para dulces. 4. Future time: It will be ready by Sunday. Estará listo para el sábado. 5. "Considering the For a student, he plays very well. fact that": Para estudiante, toca muy bien. 6. "Be about to" I am about to leave. after "estar": Estoy para salie. Uses of "por" 1. "For the sake of": He did it for his brother. Lo hizo por su hermano. 2. Price or exchange: He bought the magazine for a peso. Compró la revista por un peso. 3. Length of time: He stayed in Peru for two weeks. Quedó en Perú por du semanas. 4. "In the morning, I work in the afternoon. afternoon, or night": Trabajo po la tarde. 5. "By, through, along": They take a walk through the park. Dan un paseo por el parque. 6. "For" after the verbs "ir", "enviar", "luchar", "llamar", or "preguntar": He went for the doctor. Fue por el médico. The following verbs are NOT followed by "para" or "por", since "for" is part of the meaning of the verb. buscar to look for esperar to wait for pedir to ask for They looked for a table. Buscaron una mesa. $$ ..INTERROGATIVES 1 ^F4INTERROGATIVES All questions in Spanish require a rise in intonation at the end of the sentence. Often a rise in intonation is all that is needed in the same way that questions can be formed in spoken informal English You're leaving early tomorrow? ¿Se van mañana temprano? In written Spanish, a question is introduced by an inverted question mark (¿). This is a clear indication to change your intonation. INTERROGATIVE WORDS Where? Where is the bank? ¿Dónde? ¿Dónde está banco? Why? Why is the museum closed? ¿Por qué? ¿Por qué está cerrado el museo? When? When does the carnival begin? ¿Cuándo? ¿Cuándo empieza el carnavel? What? What is he saying? ¿Qué? ¿Qué está diciendo? How? How can I get to the Mexican Embassy? ¿Cómo? ¿Cómo puedo llegar a la embajada mejicana? Who? Who is it? ¿Quién? ¿Quién es? Which/What? (sg) Which is the best beach? ¿Cuál? ¿Cuál es la mejor playa? Which/What? (pl) Which restaurants are the cheapest? ¿Cuáles? ¿Cuáles restauartes son los más baratos? $$ ..NEGATIVE 1 ^F4NEGATIVE To form the negative in a sentence, place "no" before the verb. We don't want to go to the museum today. No queremos ir al museo hoy. I don't know what time it is. No se qué hora es. Contrary to English, in Spanish you can use double negatives. I don't have anything. No tengo nada. "I don't have nothing" $$ ..SUBJECT PRONOUNS 1 ^F4SUBJECT PRONOUNS The English singular "you" occurs in Spanish in two forms: as "tu", which is generally used in familiar and informal situations; and as "usted", which is a more formal term. Both forms are commonly found in conversation and it takes some knowledge of the language to know when to use each form. As a general rule, you should respond in the same form, either informal or formal, as you are being addressed in. Similarily, the English plural "you" has the informal form "vosotros", "vosotras" , and the formal "ustedes". However, in Latin America the informal "vosotros/as" has almost disappeared and "ustedes" is the commonly used in both informal and formal situations. NOTE: When you use "usted" or "ustedes", the verb is conjugated in the 3rd person, as if the pronoun were he, she, or they. In written Spanish, "usted" may appear with a capital "U" or a small "u", and often in the abbreviated forms "Ud" (sg) and "Uds" (pl). Singular Plural I yo we nosotros/as you (inf) tú you (inf) vosotros/as you (form) usted you (form) ustedes he/she él/élla they ellos (m), ellas (f) Subject pronouns are used for clarity, emphasis, or politeness. The English word "it" is not expressed as a subject. It is difficult to do. Es dificil hacer. The plural form "vosotros" is used in Spain. In Spanish America, "ustedes" is preferred. Subject pronouns Singular Plural yo I nosotros, -as we tú you (familiar) vosotros, -as you (familiar) usted you ustedes you (Vd. or Ud.) (Vds. or Uds.) él he ellos they ella she ellas they $$ ..OBJECT PRONOUNS 1 ^F4OBJECT PRONOUNS A pronoun used as the object of a prepostition always follows the preposition. The pronouns "mí", "ti", and "sí" combine with the preposition "con" as follows: conmigo with me contigo with you (familiar) consigo with yourself, himself, herself, themselves. These pronoun forms do not change in gender or number. An object pronoun, whether direct or indirect, is usually placed immediately before the verb. In an affirmative command, infinitive, or present participle, the object pronoun follows and is joined to the verb. In a negative command, the object pronoun precedes the verb. When the object pronoun is joined to an affirmative command or present participle, an accent mark is needed over the vowel of the accented syllable. Object pronouns Indirect Direct Reflexive Singular Singular Singular -------------------------------------------------------------------------- me to me me me me myself te to you (fam) te you (fam) te yourself (fam) le to you le you (m.), him se yourself to him lo him, it (m.) himself to her, to it la you (f.), her, it (f.) herself, itself Plural Plural Plural nos to us nos us nos ourselves os to you os you (fam) os yourselves (fam) les to you, to them los you, them (m.) se yourselves las you, them (f.) themselves $$ ..DOUBLE OBJECT PRONOUNS 1 ^F4DOUBLE OBJECT PRONOUNS When a verb has two object pronouns, the indirect object pronoun precedes the direct object pronoun. They deliver them to me. Me los entregan. When both object pronouns are in the third person, the indirect object is written as "se". I tell it to her. Se lo digo. The various meanings of "se" may be clarified by adding "a Vd.", "a Vds.", "a él", "a ella", "a ellos", "a ellas". We don't show it to them. No se la enseñamos a ellos. $$ ..POSSESSION 1 ^F4POSSESSION Possession may be indicated in several ways. Possessive Adjectives The most common way is by using possessive adjectives which agree in number and gender with the noun they qualify and are always placed before the noun. sg pl my mi mis your (inf) tu tus his/her/its/your su sus our nuestro (m) nuestros nuestra (m) nuestras your (pl inf) vuestro (m) vuestros vuestra (f) vuestras their/your su sus my country mi país your (inf) hands tus manos Possesive Pronouns Another way to indicate possession is by using possessive pronouns, which also agree in number and gender with the noun possessed and are placed after the noun. m sg m pl f sg f pl mine mío míos mía mías yours (inf) tuyo tuyos tuya tuyas hers/his/yours suyo suyos suya suyas ours nuestro nuestros nuestra nuestras yours (pl inf) vuestro vuestros vuestra vuestras theirs/yours suyo suyos suya suyas The house is mine. La casa es mía. These passports are ours. Estos pasaportes son nuestros. $$ ..Verbs Overview 1 ^F4Verbs Overview Spanish verbs exist in three different forms, depending on whether their infinitives end in "-ar", "-er", or "-ir". Tenses are formed by adding various endings to the verb stem, and these endings vary according to whether the verb is an "-ar", "-er", or "-ir" verb. Contrary to English, the subject pronouns (I, you, he, etc.) do not need to be included with the verb, since they are already understood according to the endings. There are many exceptions in Spanish verbs, but the standard forms are useful to know. For the basic rules, we will use the following verbs to represent each of the three conjugations: tomar to take comer to eat vivir to live $$ ..Present Indicative 1 ^F4Present Indicative Action in the present I eat, I do eat tomar comer vivir -ar -er -ir take eat live ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- I |tomo -o |como -o |vivo -o | you (s inf ) |tomas -as |comes -es |vives -es | he/she/you (sf)|toma -a |come -e |vive -e | we |tomamos -amos |comemos -emos |vivimos -imos | you (p inf) |tomáis -áis |coméis -éis |vivís -ís | they, you (pf) |toman -an |comen -en |viven -en | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- $$ ..Present Subjunctive 1 ^F4Present Subjunctive Action where doubt is involved that I may eat tomar comer vivir -ar -er -ir take eat live ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- I |tome -e |coma -a |viva -a | you (s inf) |tomes -es |comas -as |vivas -as | he/she/you (sf)|tome -e |coma -a |viva -a | we |tomemos -emos |comamos -amos |vivamos -amos | you (p inf) |toméis -éis |comáis -áis |viváis -áis | they, you (pf) |tomen -en |coman -an |vivan -an | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- $$ ..Imperfect Indicative 1 ^F4Imperfect Indicative Incomplete past; habitual action I was eating, I used to eat tomar comer vivir -ar -er -ir take eat live ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- I |tomaba -aba |coméa -éa |vivéa -éa | you (s inf) |tomabas -abas |comías -ías |vivías -ías | he/she/you (sf)|tomaba -aba |comía -ía |vivía -ía | we |tomábamos -ábamos |comíamos -íamos |vivíamos -íamos | you (p inf) |tomabais -abals |comíais -íais |vivíais -íais | they, you (pf) |tomaban -aban |comían -ían |vivían -ían | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- $$ ..Preterit 1 ^F4Preterit Action completed in the past I ate, I did eat tomar comer vivir -ar -er -ir take eat live ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- I |tomé -é |comí -í |viví -í | you (s inf) |tomaste -aste |comiste -iste |viviste -iste | he/she/you (sf)|tomó -ó |comió -ió |vivió -ió | we |tomammos -ammos |comimos -imos |vivimos -imos | you (p inf) |tomasteis -asteis |comisteis -isteis |vivisteis -isteis | they, you (pf) |tomaron -aron |comieron -ieron |vivieron -ieron | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- $$ ..Imperfect Subjunctive 1 ^F4Imperfect Subjunctive Also called Past Subjunctive that I might eat tomar comer vivir -ar -er -ir take eat live ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- I |tomara -ara |comiera -iera |viviera -iera | you (s inf) |tomaras -aras |comieras -ieras |vivieras -ieras | he/she/you (sf)|tomara -ara |comiera -iera |viviera -iera | we |tomáramos -áramos |comiéramos -iéramos|viviéramos -iéramos| you (p inf) |tomarais -arais |comierais -ierais |vivierais -ierais | they, you (pf) |tomaran -aran |comieran -ieran |vivieran -ieran | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- $$ ..Future Indicative 1 ^F4Future Indicative Action that will take place I will eat, I shall eat tomar comer vivir -ar -er -ir take eat live ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- I |tomaré -aré |comeré -eré |viviré -iré | you (s inf) |tomarás -arás |comerás -erás |vivirás -irás | he/she/you (sf)|tomará -ará |comerá -erá |vivirá -irá | we |tomemos -emos |comeremos -eremos |viviremos -iremos | you (p inf) |toméis -éis |comeréis -eréis |viviréis -iréis | they, you (pf) |tomán -án |comerán -erán |vivirán -irán | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- As in English, a more common way of creating the future tense is to use the verb "to go", "ir", in the present tense, followed by the preposition "to", ("a"), and the verb infinitive. To Go I voy you (s inf) vas he/she/it/you va we vamos you (p inf) vais they, you (pf) van I am going to eat later. Voy a comer más tarde. You are going to go out now. Va a salir ahora. It is going to rain this afternoon. Va a llover esta tarde. We are going to the beach. Vamos a ir a la playa. $$ ..Conditional 1 ^F4Conditional Dependent Action I would eat, you would eat tomar comer vivir -ar -er -ir take eat live ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- I |tomaría -aría |comería -ería |viviría -iría | you (s inf) |tomarías -arías |comerías -erías |vivirías -irías | he/she/you (sf)|tomaría -aría |comerías -erías |vivirías -irías | we |tomaríamois -aríamos|comeríamos -eríamos|viviríamos -iríamos| you (p inf) |tomíais -íais |comeríais -eríais |viviríais -iríais | they, you (pf) |tomían -ían |comerían -erían |vivirían -irían | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- $$ ..To Have 1 ^F4To Have The verb "to have" has two forms in Spanish, "haber" and "tener". "Haber" is used as an auxilary verb to form the present perfect tense. Haber I have he you (inf) have has she/he/it has, you have ha we have hemos you (p inf) have habéis they, you have han The other very useful form of "to have" is "tener". This is an irregular verb which can be used, as in English, to express both possession and compulsion (having to do something). In order to express having to do something, the verb "tener" is followed by "que" and then the infinitive of the verb. I have to change some money. Tengo que cambiar dinero. Many of the English phrases consisting of "to be + adjective" are expressed in Spanish by "to have + noun". to be hungry tener hambre "to have hunger" to be thirsty tener sed "to have thirst" to be afraid tener miedo "to have fear" Tener I have tengo you (inf) have tienes he/she/it has, you have tiene we have tenemos you (p inf) have tenéis they, you have tienen $$ ..Present Perfect Indicative 1 ^F4Present Perfect Indicative Past Action at no definite time I have eaten, you have eaten The present perfect is used for a continued past action which implies a strong connection with the present. It is formed with the auxilary verb "haber" plus the past participle. With a few exceptions, for "-ar" verbs the past participle is the stem followed by "-ado"; for "-er" and "-ir" verbs the past pariciple is the stem followed by "-ido". took tomar -> tomado ate comer -> comido spoke decir -> decido I have eaten too much. He comido demasiado. $$ ..Future Perfect 1 ^F4Future Perfect Action in future before another future action I shall have eaten before seeing her. Future of "haber" plus past participle. I shall have taken habré tomado I shall have eaten habré comido I shall have spoken habré decido $$ ..Conditional Perfect 1 ^F4Conditional Perfect Action that would have happened if some other action had occurred. Conditional of "haber" plus past participle. I should have taken habría tomado I should have eaten habría comido I should have spoken habría decido $$ ..Gerunds 1 ^F4Gerunds The simple gerund is formed by combining the verb base plus one of the following endings, based upon the infinitive form of the verb: -ar -ando -er -iendo -ir -iendo The gerundive form equates to the "ing" form in English: take tomar -> taking tomando eat comer -> eating comiendo live vivir -> living viviendo $$ $$$ & Spanish.lt3